Hummingbirds are fascinating creatures that bring joy to backyard birders. With their lightning-fast wings and hovering flight, hummingbirds are a delight to watch as they visit nectar feeders. However, certain substances and materials can be harmful to hummingbirds if used in feeders. By understanding what to avoid, you can provide a safe and healthy feeding environment for these tiny birds.
Why Proper Feeders Are Important
Hummingbirds have very high metabolisms and must feed frequently to sustain their energy levels. They obtain their nutrition from flower nectar and small insects. Because many native flowers have been lost to development, backyard feeders provide an important supplemental food source. However, inappropriate nectar and feeders can harm hummingbirds in several ways:
– Contaminated nectar can cause infections that are often fatal. Hummingbirds have weak immune systems and are very vulnerable to bacteria, mold, and fungi that may grow in feeders.
– Toxic substances like pesticides, herbicides, and cleaning chemicals can poison hummingbirds and have detrimental health effects. Even small doses on the feeder can be dangerous.
– Sharp edges, points, and gaps on poorly constructed feeders can injure a hummingbird’s fragile skin, beak, tongue, legs, and feet. They may get body parts caught or cut.
– Plastic feeders or plastic parts may contain dangerous chemicals like BPA, phthalates, and lead that can leech into the nectar. These substances can interfere with hummingbirds’ reproduction and development.
Using properly constructed, non-toxic feeders is key to supporting backyard hummingbird populations. By avoiding certain problematic materials and additives, you can create a safer feeding experience.
Sugar and Sweeteners to Avoid
Hummingbirds rely on simple sugars as their main dietary fuel. Their preferred sweetener is plain white cane or beet sugar dissolved in water. However, some artificial sweeteners and sugars are dangerous:
Honey – Honey promotes the growth of fungus that can sicken hummingbirds. It should never be added to nectar.
Brown sugar – The added molasses provides iron that can be toxic in excess. Only use plain white sugar.
Artificial sweeteners – Sweeteners like aspartame, saccharine, sucralose, or other chemicals are not healthy for hummingbirds. They lack nutritional value and may be unsafe.
Agave nectar – Though this natural sweetener has some benefits, its nutritional composition isn’t ideal for hummingbirds. It may promote yeast and fungus.
Maple syrup, fruit juices, coconut sugar – These contain additional components that are unhealthy for hummingbirds and promote microbial growth. Only plain white cane or beet sugar has the proper nutritional balance.
When making nectar, avoid anything besides pure sucrose sugar. Use a ratio of 1 part sugar to 4 parts water. This creates a 20% sugar concentration comparable to natural nectars.
Unhealthy Colorings and Additives
Certain coloring and additives are sometimes marketed to enhance the look of store-bought nectars. However, these provide no benefit and may introduce toxins:
Red dye – Red dye is not necessary to attract hummingbirds. In fact, it may be harmful. Stick to clear white sugar water, which resembles natural nectar.
Food coloring – Unnecessary dye from any food coloring, like Red Dye #40, may be made from petroleum and heavy metals. These can be toxic to hummingbirds.
Flavorings – Scented oils, extracts, or flavorings are sometimes added. These artificial fragrances offer no benefit and may contain volatile compounds.
Vitamins – There’s no evidence that vitamins improve store-bought nectar. Over-supplementation can cause vitamin toxicity. A natural nectar is best.
Electrolytes – Electrolyte blends don’t provide any proved advantage over plain sugar and may alter the nutritional composition in harmful ways.
Thickeners – Thickeners like corn syrup are used to make nectar seem more “natural.” However, this texture is not beneficial and can promote bacterial growth.
Avoid anything in pre-made nectar besides basic sweetener and water. Unnecessary additives introduce potential contamination without any helpful nutrition. Homemade simple syrup is best.
Problematic Materials to Avoid
Certain materials used in feeder construction can also pose health risks:
Plastics – Plastics may leech dangerous chemicals into the nectar. Look for glass or metal feeders instead of plastic. If using plastic, make sure it is BPA-free.
Rusty parts – Rust is unhygienic and the iron content may be toxic in excess. Use stainless steel or powder-coated materials.
Lead – Some paints or plastic parts may contain lead. Lead poisoning can be fatal to hummingbirds. Verify lead-free construction.
Teflon – Non-stick coatings like Teflon can scrape off and contaminate nectar. Stick to glass or stainless steel.
Wood – Unfinished or poorly sealed wood promotes bacterial growth. Only use high-quality, waterproofed wood.
Rubber – Natural rubber gaskets and seals may leech phytochemicals into nectar. Use silicone or plastic seals instead.
Avoid any materials that could introduce toxins, chemicals, or bacteria into the nectar. Carefully research any feeders before purchase and installation.
Hazards of Mold, Mildew, and Biofilms
Dirty feeders allow dangerous organisms to thrive:
Mold – Mold releases toxins and digestive enzymes. Even small amounts of mold ingestion can weaken hummingbirds. Any visible mold warrants feeder cleaning.
Mildew – Mildew is a fungal growth that spreads easily on moisture. Discard any feeders with mildew, which can sicken hummingbirds.
Bacteria – Bacteria multiply rapidly in dirty nectar, releasing harmful metabolic compounds. Change nectar frequently to limit bacteria.
Biofilms – Microbial colonies can create biofilms that coat feeder surfaces. These are challenging to remove and provide nutrients for pathogens.
To deter these contaminants:
– Always clean feeders thoroughly before refilling
– Discard old nectar and rinse interior
– Use diluted bleach solution, vinegar, or boiling water
– Allow to fully dry before reuse
– Limit sun exposure, which promotes growth
With clean nectar and sanitized feeders, you can minimize microbial hazards.
Dangers of Insecticides and Pesticides
Chemicals intended to control insects and pests can unintentionally harm hummingbirds:
Contact pesticides – Residual pesticides on feeders or vegetation can transfer to hummingbirds through direct contact. Ensure surfaces are clean before refilling.
Systemic insecticides – Systemics like neonicotinoids are absorbed into plant tissues. The nectar becomes contaminated, poisoning pollinators. Avoid use of these chemicals.
Drifting sprays – Airborne drift from nearby insecticide spraying can settle onto feeders or be inhaled. Prevent exposure by covering feeders during spraying.
Topical mosquito repellents – Liquid sprays or coatings contain DEET, permethrin, or other chemicals unsafe for hummingbirds. Don’t directly spray feeders.
Foggers and automizers – Misting systems release airborne chemicals over time, increasing hummingbird contact. Use alternative methods like barrier traps instead.
Carefully follow all label instructions and exercise extreme caution with any pest control products. Prioritize hummingbird safety as you work to control unwanted insects.
Risk of Injuries and Entrapment
Sharp edges, small gaps, and moving parts can also endanger hummingbirds at feeders:
– Discard any feeders with rough edges or points that could cut curious hummingbirds. Seek smooth designs.
– Tiny gaps in faulty feeder bases or tubes can trap slender beaks, tongues or legs. Ensure proper construction and assembly.
– Loose wires, hooks and clamps can entangle hummingbird feet or wings. Make sure all hardware is secure.
– Look for wide feeding ports that accommodate long bills. Avoid narrow slits that inhibit comfortable feeding.
– Moving parts like hinges, traps and electrically closing flaps can crush or sever delicate body parts. Only use feeders without these features.
Additionally, place feeders strategically to reduce collision hazards:
– Avoid windows and reflective surfaces, which can confuse hummingbirds in flight. Move feeders to safer spots.
– Don’t hang feeders on problematic wires or ropes. Use secure branches, hooks and poles instead.
With mindful feeder selection and placement, you can create a much safer backyard feeding habitat.
Cleaning and Storage Precautions
Even during cleaning and storage, certain practices put hummingbirds at risk:
Bleach – Bleach sanitizes but leaves toxic residue if not thoroughly rinsed. Double rinse all feeder parts after bleaching.
Soap – Soap helps cut grease but must be completely removed. Remaining soap film can interfere with nutrient absorption.
Brushes – Stiff scrub brushes make cleaning easier but can damage softer feeder materials. Use soft cloths or sponges instead.
Microwaving – Heating plastics in the microwave can release chemicals into the container. Don’t microwave softer parts.
Unsafe drying – Lay feeders upside down so no moisture pools in tubes or ports. Allow to fully air dry before filling.
Sealing moisture – Storing a still-wet feeder traps moisture and promotes mold growth. Ensure complete drying before capping.
With careful washing, rinsing and drying, you can sanitize feeders without endangering hummingbirds upon reinstallation. Follow directions closely for all cleaning products.
Recommendations for Safe, Healthy Feeders
Here are some general recommendations for choosing or making safe, high-quality hummingbird feeders:
– Seek durable glass, stainless steel or powder-coated metal constructions. Avoid plastic.
– Select BPA-free materials. Verify any plastics are labeled phthalate and lead-free as well.
– Choose a dishwasher-safe design with removable parts for thorough cleaning.
– Opt for wide, flattened feeding ports that accommodate hummingbird bills.
– Look for bee guards that prevent insects from drowning in the nectar.
– Prefer nectar containers with solid, leak-proof bases rather than fabric flowers.
– Ensure any moving parts operate smoothly without catching or squeezing hazards.
– Verify a secure hanger, hook and wiring to prevent falls and collisions.
– Choose red components only for visual appeal. Use plain sugar water without dyes.
– Make your own nectar using white cane sugar and water. Never use honey, artificial sweeteners or additives.
With some diligent research and smart choices, you can provide hummingbirds with the safest, healthiest feeding experience. Avoid known hazards and focus on quality materials. A clean, well-made feeder will bring joy for years.
Frequently Asked Questions
Should I avoid plastic hummingbird feeders?
Plastic feeders are fine as long as they are made from high-quality, non-toxic materials. Seek brands labeled BPA-free, phthalate-free and lead-free. Glass or metal is ideal, but BPA-free plastic won’t pose risks if sufficiently sturdy and regularly cleaned.
How often should I clean hummingbird feeders?
At minimum, hummingbird feeders should be cleaned every 5-7 days. Clean more frequently in hot weather when nectar spoils faster. Clean immediately if nectar becomes cloudy or you spot mold. Change the nectar every 2-3 days.
What’s the safest way to clean a hummingbird feeder?
Disassemble all parts and wash in hot, soapy water. Use a bottle brush to access narrow tubes. Rinse very thoroughly, then soak in a vinegar solution or diluted bleach. Rinse again and allow to fully air dry. Assemble once completely dry.
Can I use coconut sugar or agave nectar in hummingbird feeders?
No, it’s best to avoid both. Coconut sugar may change the nutritional composition while agave nectar promotes yeast and fungus. Plain white cane or beet sugar with just water is the healthiest and safest option.
Are ant moats dangerous for hummingbirds?
Ant moats using plain water are fine. However, moats filled with oil, antifreeze, or chemicals could coat hummingbird feathers or be ingested, causing serious harm. Only use plain water moats and keep them debris-free.
Conclusion
Hummingbirds are fascinating but fragile creatures requiring specialized care. By avoiding known hazards in feeder materials, nectar ingredients, cleaning products, and setup, you can create a safer backyard sanctuary tailored to hummingbird needs. Provide proper nutrition in a contaminant-free environment to ensure the health of your visiting hummingbirds for years to come. With mindful, diligent caretaking, your feeders will be cherished by these aerial jewels.