Hummingbirds are known for their diminutive size, dazzling iridescent colors, and remarkably fast wing beats. There are over 300 species of hummingbirds found throughout the Americas, with most species occurring in the tropical regions. Hummingbirds are part of the family Trochilidae and are the smallest birds in the world. Their unique anatomical adaptations, such as the ability to hover in mid-air, allow them to drink nectar from flowers while hovering in place with their wings beating up to 80 times per second.
While most hummingbird species have fairly short tails, there is one group that is characterized by extraordinarily long, forked tails – the vampires. Vampire hummingbirds comprise the genus Heliothryx and are found in Central America and parts of South America. The most widespread and best known species is the black-throated magpie-jay, with the scientific name Heliothryx aurita. It is also sometimes referred to as the long-tailed hummingbird or black-tailed hummingbird.
Physical Description
The black-throated magpie-jay is a medium-large hummingbird, measuring around 15-18 cm in total length. As the name suggests, it has predominantly black plumage on the head, throat, back and wings. The undertail coverts are white, providing a stark contrast against the black tail. The most distinctive feature is the long, forked tail, which measures a remarkable 10-12 cm and makes up over half of the bird’s total length. The tail feathers are graduated, with the outermost tail feathers being the longest. In flight, the extremely elongated tail and wings give the bird an elegant, streamer-like silhouette.
The bill of the black-throated magpie-jay is fairly long, straight and black. Legs and feet are also black. Adult males have iridescent blue-green crown and elongated throat feathers called gorget that can be flared during displays. Females are similar to males but lack the elongated gorget feathers and have less iridescent crown feathers.
Distribution and Habitat
The black-throated magpie-jay is found from southeastern Mexico south through Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Its natural habitats are semi-open areas and forest edges in tropical lowlands up to 1200 m elevation. Typical habitats include woodland clearings, second growth forests, coffee plantations, parks and gardens.
Although patchily distributed, the black-throated magpie-jay can be locally fairly common in suitable habitats. However, due to ongoing habitat destruction throughout its range, its population is believed to be decreasing. It has disappeared from some formerly inhabited areas. The IUCN Red List categorizes it as Near Threatened.
Behavior and Ecology
Like all hummingbirds, the black-throated magpie-jay feeds on nectar, using its specialized long bill and tongue to lap up the sugary secretions from tropical flowers. It prefers heliconia and other tubular flowers. The long tail does not seem to impair its agile flight and ability to hover at flowers. It also feeds on small insects, often caught on the wing.
One of the most remarkable behaviors of this hummingbird is the elaborate courtship display performed by the male. He flies back and forth in wide U-shaped patterns in front of the female, often reaching speeds of nearly 100 body lengths per second! At the bottom of the U he spreads his tail feathers into a fan shape while fluttering his wings. Producing a metallic chipping call, he arcs back upwards and completes the circuit. This pendulum display advertises the male’s strength and agility.
In addition to nectar, the black-throated magpie-jay feeds on fruit, berries and small arthropods. Males are highly territorial, using the long tail during aggressive displays with intruding males. They are often seen perching conspicuously at the tops of trees, appearing to “stand guard” over their territory.
The female builds a small cup-shaped nest out of plant fibers, spider webs and lichens, typically on a tree branch. She lays 2 eggs which she incubates for about 15-19 days until hatching. The chicks are fed regurgitated food by the female and fledge in about 20-26 days.
Significance to Humans
The black-throated magpie-jay’s striking and graceful appearance has made it a favorite among birdwatchers and ecotourists in Central America. Several tourism lodges and reserves in Costa Rica and Panama cater specifically to people wishing to see this magnificent hummingbird species. When visiting its natural habitats such as tropical forests and gardens, quiet observers may catch a glimpse of its pendulum courtship display on a sunny morning.
This species faces threats from habitat destruction and fragmentation, as it requires intact forest for foraging and nesting. Supporting sustainable forestry practices and establishment of protected reserves in Central America will benefit the black-throated magpie-jay and other wildlife native to the region. Eco-tourism, when responsibly managed, can also generate revenue that gives local communities incentive to conserve their natural environments.
Conclusion
The black-throated magpie-jay’s extraordinarily elongated and forked tail sets it apart from all other hummingbird species. Measuring up to 12 cm, the tail comprises over half of the bird’s total length and gives it an unmistakable slender, streamer-like profile in flight. Found in the tropical regions of Central America, this Near Threatened hummingbird inhabits forest edges and clearings. The male performs an acrobatic pendulum display during courtship. Though limited in range, the black-throated magpie-jay is sought after by birdwatchers for its beauty and unique behaviors. Protecting its remaining forest habitats will be crucial for ensuring the survival of these magnificent long-tailed hummingbirds into the future.
