Hummingbirds are a beloved bird species found throughout many parts of the United States during warmer months. Their tiny size, dazzling colors, and incredible speed make them a delight to observe. But what happens to hummingbirds when the weather turns cold? Do any hummingbirds stay in Washington state year-round?
Quick Overview
Most hummingbird species migrate away from Washington state before winter sets in. However, one species, the Anna’s hummingbird, can be found in western Washington year-round. Anna’s hummingbirds have adapted to take advantage of food sources that allow them to survive the cooler months.
Migration Patterns of Hummingbirds
Hummingbirds are migratory birds whose movements are dictated by the availability of food. Hummingbirds eat nectar, tree sap, insects and spiders. They have very high metabolisms and must eat frequently throughout the day to maintain their energy levels.
In winter, flowering plants die back, tree sap congeals, and insects become scarce in Washington. This means most hummingbird species leave Washington by late summer or early fall to migrate south to warmer climates where food remains available. The Rufous hummingbird is one species that passes through Washington during migrations in spring and fall. Calliope, black-chinned, and broad-tailed hummingbirds also migrate away from Washington for the winter.
The Anna’s Hummingbird Stays Year-Round
Unlike other hummingbirds, the Anna’s hummingbird has adapted the ability to overwinter in the Pacific Northwest, including western Washington. This medium-sized hummingbird has gray-green feathers on its back and head and a rose-pink throat and crown. The male has an iridescent reddish-pink patch on its head and throat.
So how does the Anna’s hummingbird survive year-round? Several key adaptations allow it to find food and withstand cooler temperatures:
- Taking advantage of winter-blooming plants. Anna’s hummingbirds get nectar from flowering plants like rosemary, fuchsia, and Ribes speciosum when little else is in bloom.
- Eating insects year-round. Anna’s hummingbirds supplement nectar by catching small insects and spiders.
- Consuming tree sap. Anna’s hummingbirds drink sap from holes created by sapsuckers on native trees.
- Tolerating cooler nighttime temperatures. Anna’s hummingbirds allow their body temperature to drop significantly at night, conserving energy.
- Nesting early. Anna’s hummingbirds nest in late winter and early spring to take advantage of food sources.
These adaptations allow small populations of Anna’s hummingbirds to survive in western Washington year-round, mainly in lowland areas west of the Cascade Mountains. However, their population declines in winter compared to summer.
When and Where to See Anna’s Hummingbirds in Winter
Here are some tips for spotting Anna’s hummingbirds in western Washington during winter:
- Look for them near food sources. Check for winter-blooming shrubs and trees dripping sap to attract hummingbirds.
- Focus your search near water. Anna’s hummingbirds drink and bathe more in cooler weather to maintain their metabolism.
- Try urban gardens and parks. Landscapes with ornamental flowers and feeders may attract Anna’s hummingbirds.
- Listen for their distinctive call. A repeated thin “chip” sound can alert you to the presence of an Anna’s hummingbird.
- Watch at dawn and dusk. Anna’s hummingbirds are most active at the start and end of the day when seeking food.
The best times to spot Anna’s hummingbirds in winter are during early mornings before temperatures drop and at dusk when birds return to roost for the night. Providing nectar feeders with a 4:1 sugar water ratio may also help attract them. Ideal locations include Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia and Vancouver.
Population and Conservation Status
Anna’s hummingbird populations declined in the early 20th century due to habitat loss, but have rebounded in recent decades as gardens provide new food sources. They are now one of the most common hummingbird species on the west coast.
Anna’s hummingbirds have a conservation status of Least Concern according to the IUCN Red List, indicating they are not considered at imminent risk of extinction. Their adaptability helps maintain stable populations. However, maintaining native plant habitats which provide essential winter food sources remains an important conservation goal.
Fun Facts About Anna’s Hummingbirds
- Anna’s hummingbirds are named after 19th century hummingbird collector Anna Massena.
- They make a chirping sound with their tails during courtship dives.
- Males can dive up to 130 ft per second while courting females.
- At 3-4 inches long, they are one of the largest hummingbird species in Washington.
- Their nests are made of spider webs, lichens and moss.
Conclusion
Most hummingbirds migrate away from Washington state in fall to warmer climates. However, the Anna’s hummingbird has adapted to overwinter along the western coast of Washington near food sources that allow it to make it through the cooler months. This medium-sized hummingbird with gray-green and pink plumage can be spotted in urban parks, gardens, and natural areas through winter if you listen and watch closely, especially at dawn and dusk. Providing winter-blooming flowers and nectar feeders may help attract these charismatic birds.
